Comparative Analysis of Optical Quality of Monofocal, Enhanced Monofocal, Multifocal, and Extended Depth of Focus Intraocular Lenses: A Mobile Model Eye Study.

Purpose: To use the revised model eye to observe and compare how the world is perceived by patients with monofocal intraocular lens (IOL), Eyhance, bifocal IOL, and Symfony, and check its performance. Methods: The new mobile model eye consists of an artificial cornea, an IOL, a wet cell, an adjustable lens tube, a lens tube, an objective lens, a tube lens, and a digital single-lens reflex camera. We collected photographs of distant buildings and streets at night, videos of the focusing process, and videos of United States Air Force resolution target from 6 m to 15 cm and analyzed them quantitatively. Results: In this revised model eye using an objective lens, an artificial cornea similar to the human cornea could be used. Using a digital single-lens reflex camera, high-resolution imaging was possible without an additional computer. Fine focusing was possible using an adjustable lens tube. For monofocal IOL, the contrast modulation was 0.39 at 6 m and decreased consistently. It was nearly 0 as the model eye got closer than 1.6 m. For Eyhance, the contrast modulation was 0.40 at 6 m. It then decreased and increased again. At 1.3 m, it was 0.07 and then decreased again. For Symfony, the contrast modulation was 0.18 at 6 m. Symfony showed the characteristics of a bifocal IOL with low add diopter. Halos (234 pixels) were observed around lights, although smaller than those seen with bifocal IOL (432 pixels). Conclusions: We could objectively observe and compare how patients with monofocal IOL, Eyhance, bifocal IOL, and Symfony perceived the world using this revised model eye. Translational Relevance: Data obtained by this new mobile model eye can be used to help patients select their IOLs before cataract surgeries.

Upregulation of gp130 and differential activation of STAT and p42/44 MAPK in the rat hippocampus following kainic acid-induced seizures.

We investigated the activation and cellular distribution of two signaling pathways, the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) following kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures, in relation to the expression of gp130, a common cytokine signal transducer for the interleukin (IL)-6 family of cytokines. Rapid and short-lasting upregulation of gp130 was observed in the granule cells. This became evident in astrocytes by 3 h, increased progressively to peak at 3 days, and was sustained for 10 days. STATs, including STAT1 and STAT3, and p42/44 MAPK were activated in distinct cellular and spatial distributions within the hippocampus following seizures. A rapid and sustained seizure-induced activation of STAT3 and STAT1, revealed by nuclear STAT3 and STAT1 immunoreactivities, was observed exclusively in reactive astrocytes in the hippocampus, nearly coinciding with the time course of gp130 expression; however, STAT3 activation was greater. In contrast, seizure induced the rapid and transient activation of p42/44 MAPK in a subpopulation of hippocampal neurons and in astrocytes, although with weaker staining intensity. Two signaling pathways involving gp130, STATs and MAPK, were differentially activated in reactive astrocytes after KA injection, indicating that STATs and MAPK may differentially mediate the astroglial reaction in the rat hippocampus after KA-induced seizures.